Saturday, 9 November 2013

Android Memory Forensics – Step by Step on the Galaxy Nexus I9250

This builds upon the excellent guide given by the Volatility team: https://code.google.com/p/volatility/wiki/AndroidMemoryForensics but provides an example for a physical device. This shows you how to dump the memory, but doesn't go into detail of what to do with it when you have it!

Determine Kernel Version and Model


The EAN/UPC code (off barcode on box): 8806071669526 which relates to Samsung Galaxy Nexus I9250.

Model: GT-19250 (taken from sticker under battery)

On the phone check the kernel details:

Settings > About Phone > Kernel version and Model Number

In my instance I have:

Model Number: Full AOSP on Maguro

Kernel: 3.0.31-g6fb96c9

This shows the phone is the maguro device which relates to the omap kernel (see

To match up the Kernel version look at the branches on https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/omap/ and indentify the Makefile which has the matching VERSION and SUBLEVEL:

VERSION = 3

SUBLEVEL = 31

The branch android-omap-tuna-3.0 appeared to match so I have used this in this example.
 

Setting up the environment


I used an Ubuntu 12.04 x64 within VMWare as my build environment.

Install Java6


sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install oracle-java6-installer
javac -version

Java version should be 1.6

Install Packages


sudo apt-get install ia32-libs

(N.B. This bypasses following error received on x64 Ubuntu 12.04 LTS)

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
libgl1-mesa-glx:i386 : Depends: libglapi-mesa:i386 (= 8.0.4-0ubuntu0.6)

Install the rest of the required packages:

sudo apt-get install git gnupg flex bison gperf build-essential \
  zip curl libc6-dev libncurses5-dev:i386 x11proto-core-dev \
  libx11-dev:i386 libreadline6-dev:i386 libgl1-mesa-glx:i386 \
  libgl1-mesa-dev g++-multilib mingw32 tofrodos \
  python-markdown libxml2-utils xsltproc zlib1g-dev:i386 subversion

Download Android Source and Tools


mkdir ~/bin
PATH=~/bin:$PATH
curl http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/git-repo-downloads/repo > ~/bin/repo
chmod a+x ~/bin/repo
mkdir android-source
cd android-source
repo init -u https://android.googlesource.com/platform/manifest
repo sync

Configure Environment


source build/envsetup.sh

lunch full_maguro-eng

NB we don’t have to make we are just using the build environment configuration and prebuilt toolchains...

Download Kernel Source


git clone https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/omap.git

Configure and Compile Kernel Source


export ARCH=arm
export SUBARCH=arm
export CROSS_COMPILE=arm-eabi-
cd omap
git checkout -t remotes/origin/android-omap-tuna-3.0 -b tuna

make tuna_defconfig
vi Makefile

Change EXTRAVERSION to the following:

EXTRAVERSION = -g6fb96c9

Modify the setversionlocal script (http://neosysforensics.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/creando-volcados-de-memoria-en-android.html):

vi scripts/setversionlocal

Add ‘exit’ around line 31. We do this so that it uses our EXTRAVERSION details rather than trying to generate this value itself.

usage
fi
+exit
scm_version()

 
make

If this works you should have a new arch/arm/boot/zImage file.

Download LiME


svn checkout http://lime-forensics.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/ ~/lime-forensics

Configure LiME


cd lime-forensics/src

vi Makefile

Add green lines, remove red:

+KDIR := ~/omap
+CCPATH := ~/android-source/prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.4.3/bin
-       $(MAKE) -C /lib/modules/$(KVER)/build M=$(PWD) modules
-       strip --strip-unneeded lime.ko
-       mv lime.ko lime-$(KVER).ko
+       $(MAKE) ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=$(CCPATH)/$(CROSS_COMPILE) -C $(KDIR) EXTRA_CFLAGS=-fno-pic M=$(PWD) modules

Compile LiME


make

Configure USB Access


sudo vi /etc/udev/rules.d/51-anroid.rules

Replace <username> with your username

# adb protocol on passion (Nexus One)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="18d1", ATTR{idProduct}=="4e12", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"
# fastboot protocol on passion (Nexus One)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="0bb4", ATTR{idProduct}=="0fff", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"
# adb protocol on crespo/crespo4g (Nexus S)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="18d1", ATTR{idProduct}=="4e22", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"
# fastboot protocol on crespo/crespo4g (Nexus S)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="18d1", ATTR{idProduct}=="4e20", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"
# adb protocol on stingray/wingray (Xoom)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="22b8", ATTR{idProduct}=="70a9", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"
# fastboot protocol on stingray/wingray (Xoom)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="18d1", ATTR{idProduct}=="708c", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"
# adb protocol on maguro/toro (Galaxy Nexus)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="04e8", ATTR{idProduct}=="6860", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"
# fastboot protocol on maguro/toro (Galaxy Nexus)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="18d1", ATTR{idProduct}=="4e30", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"
# adb protocol on panda (PandaBoard)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="0451", ATTR{idProduct}=="d101", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"
# adb protocol on panda (PandaBoard ES)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="18d1", ATTR{idProduct}=="d002", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"
# fastboot protocol on panda (PandaBoard)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="0451", ATTR{idProduct}=="d022", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"
# usbboot protocol on panda (PandaBoard)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="0451", ATTR{idProduct}=="d00f", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"
# usbboot protocol on panda (PandaBoard ES)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="0451", ATTR{idProduct}=="d010", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"
# adb protocol on grouper/tilapia (Nexus 7)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="18d1", ATTR{idProduct}=="4e42", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"
# fastboot protocol on grouper/tilapia (Nexus 7)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="18d1", ATTR{idProduct}=="4e40", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"
# adb protocol on manta (Nexus 10)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="18d1", ATTR{idProduct}=="4ee2", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"
# fastboot protocol on manta (Nexus 10)
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="18d1", ATTR{idProduct}=="4ee0", MODE="0600", OWNER="<username>"

Download android-sdk


The android SDK is required for the Android Debug Bridge (adb) tool to upload and run a shell on the target device. USB Debugging is required for this.

wget http://dl.google.com/android/android-sdk_r22.3-linux.tgz

tar xvzf android-sdk_r22.3-linux.tgz

mv android-sdk_r22.3-linux android-sdk

Dumping the Actual Memory


We use the ADB tool to push the kernel module and then load the module which opens a TCP connection. We then use netcat to connect to the TCP server and redirect the output to a file.

cd ~/android-sdk/platform-tools

./adb devices

List of devices attached
01498B2B06001012 device

./adb push ~/lime-forensics/src/lime.ko /sdcard/lime.ko

953 KB/s (454855 bytes in 0.466s)

./adb forward tcp:4444 tcp:4444

./adb shell

su

cd /sdcard

insmod lime.ko "path=tcp:4444 format=lime"

On host:

nc localhost 4444 > lime.dump

This may take a few minutes but insmod and nc should gracefully exit when they are done.

ls -lh lime.dump

-rw-rw-r-- 1 ben ben 713M Nov 8 06:08 lime.dump

We can verify this worked by running strings on the memory dump looking for strings we know to exist (e.g. maradonna was typed into the search box):

strings lime.dump |grep maradonna

',1,5) END) AS snippet FROM search_index WHERE search_index MATCH 'content:maradonna* OR name:3F2749272D43414127* OR tokens:maradonna*' AND snippet_contact_id IN default_directory) ON (_id=snippet_contact_id) LIMIT 50

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